B.Com 5th sem and 6th sem syllabus

  2023-24ನೇ ಶೈಕ್ಷಣಿಕ ವರ್ಷದ 5ನೇ & 6 ನೇ ಸೆಮಿಸ್ಟರ್ ನ ಸಂಭವನೀಯ syllabus. 

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Inflation :A consumer demand index

 Inflation is like the sneaky guest that overstays its welcome at the economic party. Let's delve into the intricacies of this often misunderstood economic phenomenon.

At its core, inflation is the rise in the general price level of goods and services in an economy over time. It's like watching the numbers on your grocery bill steadily climb, leaving you wondering why your favorite snacks suddenly cost an arm and a leg. Inflation is typically expressed as a percentage, representing the annual increase in prices.

One key driver of inflation is the supply and demand dynamics. When demand for goods and services surpasses their supply, prices tend to rise. This is the classic case of too many people craving your favorite pizza joint's margherita, but not enough pizzas to go around. The pizzeria responds by increasing prices to balance demand with supply.

Central banks also play a crucial role in the inflation narrative. They use interest rates as a tool to manage inflation. When inflation is on the rise, central banks might raise interest rates to cool down spending. Imagine it as a financial thermostat – turning it up when the economy is too cold and down when it's too hot.

But why is a bit of inflation considered a good thing? Well, a moderate level of inflation is like the grease in the economic machinery. It encourages spending and investment because people know that prices will likely be higher in the future. This, in turn, helps to keep the wheels of the economy turning.

However, too much inflation can lead to a host of issues. Hyperinflation, where prices skyrocket uncontrollably, can erode the value of money. Picture yourself needing a wheelbarrow of cash to buy a loaf of bread – that's hyperinflation in action.

On the flip side, deflation, where prices decrease over time, might sound like a bargain lover's dream. Yet, it comes with its own set of problems. When people expect prices to fall, they delay spending, anticipating better deals in the future. This reluctance to spend can stifle economic growth.

Inflation also has a profound impact on your investments. If your investments don't outpace inflation, you might find your money losing purchasing power. It's like trying to run on a treadmill – you're moving, but you're not getting anywhere.

Now, let's take a closer look at the different types of inflation. Creeping inflation is the slow and steady increase in prices that we often see in stable economies. Then there's galloping inflation, where prices surge at a much faster rate. This can be a precursor to the aforementioned hyperinflation and is usually a sign of deeper economic issues.

Cost-push inflation happens when the costs of production increase, leading businesses to pass those costs on to consumers. Imagine a farmer facing a sudden surge in the price of fertilizer – the increased cost might translate to higher prices for crops.

Demand-pull inflation, on the other hand, occurs when demand for goods and services outstrips their supply. It's the classic case of too many shoppers, not enough goods. Retailers respond by raising prices.

Anticipating inflation is no easy feat, and economists often engage in a delicate dance of analyzing various economic indicators. The Consumer Price Index (CPI) and Producer Price Index (PPI) are among the tools in their arsenal, helping to gauge the pulse of inflation by tracking changes in the prices of goods and services.

Inflation can also be influenced by external factors. Oil prices, geopolitical events, and natural disasters – all play a role in the delicate balance of inflation. A sudden spike in oil prices, for example, can ripple through the economy, impacting transportation costs and the prices of goods dependent on oil-based inputs.

So, what can individuals do to navigate the tricky waters of inflation? Diversifying investments, opting for assets that traditionally outpace inflation (hello, stocks), and keeping a keen eye on economic indicators are strategies to consider. It's like putting on your financial raincoat when the economic storm clouds gather.

In conclusion, inflation is the silent force that shapes our economic landscape. It's the reason your morning cup of coffee might cost a little more each year. Understanding its nuances empowers individuals to make informed financial decisions in a world where prices are always on the move. So, the next time you find yourself pondering the rising cost of your favorite indulgence, know that you're not alone in grappling with the ever-present guest – inflation.

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Start Up : The Need of Hours

A startup is a new business that is typically in the early stages of development and growth. Startups are often characterized by their innovative products or services, their high growth potential, and their relatively small size.

Startups are often founded by entrepreneurs who have a vision for a new product or service that they believe will meet a need in the market. Startups can be found in all industries, but they are particularly common in the technology sector.

One of the key things that sets startups apart from other businesses is their focus on innovation. Startups are constantly looking for new and better ways to do things. This is why startups are often at the forefront of technological advancements.

Another key characteristic of startups is their high growth potential. Startups are typically growing very rapidly, and they have the potential to scale their businesses to a large size in a relatively short period of time.

However, it is important to note that startups are also inherently risky. Startups often fail, and there is no guarantee that a startup will be successful. However, the potential rewards of starting a successful startup are very high, and this is why many people are willing to take the risk.

Here are some tips for starting a successful startup:

• Have a clear vision and mission. What problem are you solving? What value are you providing to your customers?
• Build a strong team. Surround yourself with talented and experienced people who are passionate about your vision.
• Focus on execution. It is not enough to have a great idea. You need to be able to execute on your plan and deliver your product or service to your customers.
• Be persistent. Don't give up easily. Starting a startup is hard work, and there will be setbacks along the way. But if you are persistent and you have a great team and product, you will eventually succeed.

Benefits of starting a startup:

• The potential to make a big impact. Startups are often at the forefront of technological and social change. By starting a startup, you have the opportunity to make a real difference in the world.
• The potential to earn a lot of money. Successful startups can be very lucrative. If you are able to build a successful startup, you could stand to make a lot of money.
• The satisfaction of building something from the ground up. Starting a startup is a lot of hard work, but it can also be very rewarding. There is nothing quite like the satisfaction of seeing your business grow and succeed.

Challenges of starting a startup:

• It is hard work. Starting a startup is a lot of work, and it requires a lot of dedication and sacrifice. You will likely have to work long hours, and you may have to make some personal sacrifices in order to get your business off the ground.
• It is risky. Startups often fail, and there is no guarantee that your startup will be successful. There are many factors that can contribute to the failure of a startup, such as a lack of funding, a lack of demand for the product or service, or competition from larger and more established businesses.
• It is stressful. Starting a startup can be very stressful. You will have to deal with a lot of uncertainty, and you will constantly be under pressure to perform.

Tips for success:

• Have a clear vision and mission. What problem are you solving? What value are you providing to your customers?
• Do your research. Before you start your business, make sure you understand the market and the competition.
• Build a strong team. Surround yourself with talented and experienced people who are passionate about your vision.
• Focus on execution. It is not enough to have a great idea. You need to be able to execute on your plan and deliver your product or service to your customers.
• Be persistent. Don't give up easily. Starting a startup is hard work, and there will be setbacks along the way. But if you are persistent and you have a great team and product, you will eventually succeed.

If you are thinking about starting a startup, there are a number of resources available to help you get started. You can find information on startups from government agencies, business incubators, and accelerators. You can also find helpful books and articles on startups online and in libraries.

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Financial Literacy: The need of the hour

How much do you love money? Enough to die with money in your bank? That's a weird question, I know. And that on a Sunday. I ask this because a lot of people die with a huge amount of savings in the bank. Money that they worked really hard to earn, money they cut many corners to save. Money they never really got to spend.

Do you know how much 18,830 crore rupees is lying unclaimed in Indian banks? This is as of 2019. Who does this money belong to? People who have not claimed it in more than 10 years. Many of them may be dead, many others may have no inheritors. Why did they save up so much money if there was no way they could spend it or pass it to another generation?

A survey found that most people save up or build assets if they can, even in retirement. Why do they do so? For unforeseen costs, said 40 percent of the respondents. Legacy, said many. Some said having money in the bank made them feel better. A handful of them said they were scared they may run out of money if they started spending. Twenty percent said they do not want to spend money even in retirement because money once spent cannot be recovered.

Here's an unpopular question: Why earn money if you cannot spend it? What if someone told you that you can save enough money without being needlessly frugal? Hello and welcome to Gravitas Plus. I'm Palki Sharma and this is India. A country where at least 75 percent of the population is literate, but only 24 percent of the adult population is financially literate. Meaning, only 24 percent of Indian adults understand the fundamentals of saving, investment, debt, and budgeting.

Fifty percent of Indians save zero to twenty percent of their earnings/salary. Then there are Indians who contribute to the 18,000 crore plus rupees lying unclaimed in banks by saving too much and dying with money in the bank. We are either overspending or over saving. We don't know how to handle our money better.

The answer to that lies in our school classrooms. In class 8, we are taught how to calculate cost price and selling price. We are taught how to calculate simple interest. We know theories but not the application. We are taught calculation but not how to make decisions in money matters.

We take money-related calls every day. How many times a day do we calculate the area of a triangle or the value of x? No puns intended. Today, in Maharashtra, only 17 percent of the population is financially literate. 32 in Delhi. 21 in West Bengal. Then you have Chhattisgarh, Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Haryana, Gujarat, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Sikkim, and Nagaland. And 13 in Punjab. Overall, the financial literacy rate of India is 24. China's financial literacy rate is just as bad, 28.

Russia: 38. Brazil: 35. South Africa: 42 percent. BRICS is a mess when it comes to financial literacy.

Developed countries aren't much better off. 38 percent of US households have credit card debt. 33 percent of American adults have saved zero dollars for retirement. The lack of financial literacy is a global problem. Most of us end up turning to our friends and family for matters of personal finance. Many of us do not even know anyone who knows finance.

What should we do? Fix the basics. The answer again lies in our school classrooms. It's there that we should start talking finances. We must include financial literacy in school curriculum. It will help people understand economics, understand loans, interest, investment, budgeting.

Today, many students take high-interest loans for college, spend much of their salary repaying debt. They fail to save, take credit cards to meet their expenses, and get trapped in a cycle of borrowing and paying off. Today, the concept of budget is alien to many millennials, even older people. It's hard for most people to follow simple steps like determining income, calculating expenses, setting realistic saving goals, and tracking them.

A survey found that 72 percent of Indians are unaware of how much to put aside or invest in order to achieve financial freedom. 76 percent said that there's a need for more education in the financial planning space. 51 percent of millennials said that their level of personal finance knowledge is holding them back from making financial progress.

Financial literacy helps you make that progress. It helps you maintain a healthy credit score. In many countries, it is hard to even get a rental apartment if you do not have a good credit score. Recruiters too take credit scores into account. Financial literacy can also improve a person's standard of living. Estimates say that you need at least one million dollars to retire, if you want to live 30 years without working.

Financial literacy can help you make smart investments without having to be frugal. You see, the key to a good life is not saving aimlessly. It is smart investments. If you're worried about future medical expenses, take life-term insurance that includes medical covers.

And frankly, I'm not an expert on finances, but I can share what some experts have told me. They say, start investing early, diversify your portfolio, divide your goals into short-term and long-term. A vacation or a new fridge could be a short-term goal. Retirement and a house in the hills is a long-term goal. Your child's college and bequest, again your long-term goal.

This is just the tip of financial literacy. It's a subject that we must all deep dive into. And now is the time to start.

We've all heard stories about COVID victims who have passed away, leaving behind a pile of debt for their families. Many have mortgaged their family homes, many their cars and businesses. Financial planning can help avoid such crises. And more and more countries are now realizing this. In the United States, 21 states have compulsory financial literacy. New Jersey is the latest. In Australia, financial education has been embedded in school curriculum. Russia has introduced financial education programs for students of class 2 to 11.

But the two countries that take the most pride in their education systems, India and the United Kingdom, are yet to push for mandatory financial literacy programs.

What should you do if you're watching us from a country that does not offer financial literacy in school? Go online. There are many courses on fundamental finance. Many of these courses are free. No matter what your age is, it's never too late to learn. Educate yourself, educate others. See how to maximize your saving, secure your tomorrow without compromising on your dreams today

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Nobel Prize Winner Failed First Exam in College

 You always pass failure on your way to success. This is a famous quote and it rings true for 62-year-old Mongi Bendi. He's a professor at MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) and this week he won the Nobel Prize. He's the co-winner of the Nobel Prize for Chemistry for developing quantum dots, which are nanop particles that react to light. Bendi's work has made television screens brighter and has improved the treatment of liver disease.

But that's not the story we're telling you tonight. Bendi's journey to success wasn't without setbacks. Throughout school, he excelled in science and aced exams without breaking a sweat. He made it to Harvard University, but then he flunked his very first chemistry test. Yes, a Nobel Prize winner in chemistry failed his college chemistry test. He was devastated, but he didn't let it destroy him. He learned from the experience, worked on improving, and bounced back. Now, he's won the Nobel Prize in the same subject.

Bendi's story is inspirational and applicable to all of us. Failure is a shared experience. Most of us have failed a test, flopped on a big presentation, or failed a diet. Reports say that 92% of people do not achieve their goals, and 80% of people fail their New Year's resolutions by February. Failure is pervasive, and it even has its own dedicated day (October 13th) and museum (the Museum of Failure in Sweden).

While we may find the idea of visiting a museum of failure amusing, most of us try our best to avoid failure. The fear of failure tops the list of phobias worldwide, with 31% of people suffering from it. To put it into perspective, only 15% of people fear the paranormal. People would rather be haunted by ghosts than take a math test. The fear of failure affects all age groups, with many college students fearing public speaking more than death, and for 90% of CEOs, the fear of failure is their biggest concern.

The question is, why are so many people scared to fail? The education system plays a role, where the ultimate goal is simply to pass exams rather than to learn. Failure equals being a loser. Overprotective parents, known as "snowplow parents," also contribute to this fear by shielding their children from small risks and big failures. Social media exacerbates the problem by turning every slip-up into a major cancellation event.

However, study after study shows that failure is necessary for success. Apple co-founder Steve Jobs was fired from his own company before he went on to start Pixar Animation Studios and become a billionaire. Michael Jordan was dropped from his high school basketball team but is now considered one of the greatest basketball players of all time. Oprah Winfrey was fired from her job as a TV news anchor, but she is now one of the greatest TV personalities in the world. Amitabh Bachchan was rejected from a radio job because of his voice, but he is now known for it as a famous Indian actor.

My point is, no one simply emerges at the top. Anyone with a resume of accomplishments also has a resume of failures and humiliations. The fear of failure is important, especially for people in dangerous jobs where failure can have dire consequences. But how do they tame their fear? They tap into their reserves of courage. After all, to fail is human, but to rebuild oneself after failure is an act of courage.

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